Journal of Molecular Biology

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Structural Insights into Nonspecific Binding of DNA by TrmBL2, an Archaeal Chromatin Protein

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: Available online 20 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology

Author(s): Misbha Ud Din Ahmad, Ingrid Waege, Winfried Hausner, Michael Thomm, Winfried Boos, Kay Diederichs, Wolfram Welte

The crystal structure of TrmBL2 from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus shows an association of two pseudosymmetric dimers. The dimers follow the prototypical design of known bacterial repressors with two helix–turn–helix (HTH) domains binding to successive major grooves of the DNA. However, in TrmBL2, the two dimers are arranged at a mutual displacement of approximately 2bp so that they associate with the DNA along the double-helical axis at an angle of approximately 80°. While the deoxyribose phosphate groups of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) used for co-crystallization are clearly seen in the electron density map, most of the nucleobases are averaged out. Refinement required to assume a superposition of at least three mutually displaced dsDNAs. The HTH domains interact primarily with the deoxyribose phosphate groups and polar interactions with the nucleobases are almost absent. This hitherto unseen mode of DNA binding by TrmBL2 seems to arise from nonoptimal protein–DNA contacts made by its four HTH domains resulting in a low-affinity, nonspecific binding to DNA.
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Coronin Enhances Actin Filament Severing by Recruiting Cofilin to Filament Sides and Altering F-Actin Conformation

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: Available online 20 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology

Author(s): Mouna A. Mikati, Dennis Breitsprecher, Silvia Jansen, Emil Reisler, Bruce L. Goode

High rates of actin filament turnover are essential for many biological processes and require the activities of multiple actin-binding proteins working in concert. The mechanistic role of the actin filament severing protein cofilin is now firmly established; however, the contributions of other conserved disassembly-promoting factors including coronin have remained more obscure. Here, we have investigated the mechanism by which yeast coronin (Crn1) enhances F-actin turnover. Using multi-color total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that Crn1 enhances Cof1-mediated severing by accelerating Cof1 binding to actin filament sides. Further, using biochemical assays to interrogate F-actin conformation, we show that Crn1 alters longitudinal and lateral actin–actin contacts and restricts opening of the nucleotide-binding cleft in actin subunits. Moreover, Crn1 and Cof1 show opposite structural effects on F-actin yet synergize in promoting release of phalloidin from filaments, suggesting that Crn1/Cof1 co-decoration may increase local discontinuities in filament topology to enhance severing.
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Septin 9 exhibits polymorphic binding to F-actin and inhibits myosin and cofilin activity

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: Available online 19 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology

Author(s): Clayton Smith, Lee Dolat, Dimitrios Angelis, Eva Forgacs, Elias T. Spiliotis, Vitold E. Galkin

Septins are a highly conserved family of proteins in eukaryotes that is recognized as a novel component of the cytoskeleton. Septin 9 (SEPT9) interacts directly with actin filaments and functions as an actin stress fiber cross-linking protein that promotes the maturation of nascent focal adhesions and cell migration. However, the molecular details of how SEPT9 interacts with F-actin remain unknown. Here, we use electron microscopy and image analysis to show that SEPT9 binds to F-actin in a highly polymorphic fashion. We demonstrate that the basic domain (B-domain) of the N-terminal tail of SEPT9 is responsible for actin cross-linking, while the GTP-binding domain (G-domain) does not bundle F-actin. We show that the B-domain of SEPT9 binds to three sites on F-actin, and the two of these sites overlap with the binding regions of myosin and cofilin. SEPT9 inhibits actin-dependent ATPase activity of myosin and competes with the weakly-bound state of myosin for binding to F-actin. At the same time, SEPT9 significantly reduces the extent of F-actin depolymerization by cofilin. Taken together, these data suggest that SEPT9 protects actin filaments from depolymerization by cofilin and myosin, and indicate a mechanism by which SEPT9 could maintain the integrity of growing and contracting actin filaments.
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α-Lactalbumin:Oleic Acid Complex Spontaneously Delivers Oleic Acid to Artificial and Erythrocyte Membranes

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: Available online 19 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology

Author(s): Hanzhen Wen, Øyvind Strømland, Øyvind Halskau

Human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET) is a tumoricidal complex consisting of human α-lactalbumin and multiple oleic acids (OAs). OA has been shown to play a key role in the activity of HAMLET and its related complexes, generally known as protein–fatty acid (PFA) complexes. In contrast to what is known about the fate of the protein component of such complexes, information about what happens to OA during their action is still lacking. We monitored the membrane, OA and protein components of bovine α-lactalbumin complexed with OA (BLAOA; a HAMLET-like substance) and how they associate with each other. Using ultracentrifugation, we found that the OA and lipid components follow each other closely. We then firmly identify a transfer of OA from BLAOA to both artificial and erythrocyte membranes, indicating that natural cells respond similarly to BLAOA treatment as artificial membranes. Uncomplexed OA is unable to similarly affect membranes at the conditions tested, even at elevated concentrations. Thus, BLAOA can spontaneously transfer OA to a lipid membrane. After the interaction with the membrane, the protein is likely to have lost most or all of its OA. We suggest a mechanism for passive import of mainly uncomplexed protein into cells, using existing models for OA's effect on membranes. Our results are consistent with a membrane destabilization mediated predominantly by OA insertion being a significant contribution to PFA cytotoxicity.
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The Evolution of Aggregative Multicellularity and Cell–Cell Communication in the Dictyostelia

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: Available online 15 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology

Author(s): Qingyou Du, Yoshinori Kawabe, Christina Schilde, Zhi-hui Chen, Pauline Schaap

Aggregative multicellularity, resulting in formation of a spore-bearing fruiting body, evolved at least six times independently amongst both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Amongst eukaryotes, this form of multicellularity is mainly studied in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. In this review, we summarise trends in the evolution of cell-type specialisation and behavioural complexity in the four major groups of Dictyostelia. We describe the cell–cell communication systems that control the developmental programme of D. discoideum, highlighting the central role of cAMP in the regulation of cell movement and cell differentiation. Comparative genomic studies showed that the proteins involved in cAMP signalling are deeply conserved across Dictyostelia and their unicellular amoebozoan ancestors. Comparative functional analysis revealed that cAMP signalling in D. discoideum originated from a second messenger role in amoebozoan encystation. We highlight some molecular changes in cAMP signalling genes that were responsible for the novel roles of cAMP in multicellular development.
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Editorial Board

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16









Categories: Journal Articles

Contents List

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16









Categories: Journal Articles

Emerging Roles for Maf1 beyond the Regulation of RNA Polymerase III Activity

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Akshat Khanna, Ajay Pradhan, Sean P. Curran

Maf1 was first identified in yeast, and studies in metazoans have primarily focused on examining its role in the repression of transcription that is dependent on RNA polymerase III. Recent work has revealed a novel and conserved function for Maf1 in the maintenance of intracellular lipid pools in Caenorhabditis elegans, mice, and cancer cell lines. Although additional Maf1 targets are likely, they have not been identified, and these recent findings begin to define specific activities for Maf1 in multicellular organisms beyond the regulation of RNA polymerase III transcription and suggest that Maf1 plays a more diverse role in organismal physiology. We will discuss these newly defined physiological roles of Maf1 that point to its placement as an important new player in lipid metabolism with implications in human metabolic diseases such as obesity and cancer, which display prominent defects in lipid homeostasis.
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When Too Much ATP Is Bad for Protein Synthesis

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Mauricio H. Pontes, Anastasia Sevostyanova, Eduardo A. Groisman

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of living cells. Even though ATP powers virtually all energy-dependent activities, most cellular ATP is utilized in protein synthesis via tRNA aminoacylation and guanosine triphosphate regeneration. Magnesium (Mg2+), the most common divalent cation in living cells, plays crucial roles in protein synthesis by maintaining the structure of ribosomes, participating in the biochemistry of translation initiation and functioning as a counterion for ATP. A non-physiological increase in ATP levels hinders growth in cells experiencing Mg2+ limitation because ATP is the most abundant nucleotide triphosphate in the cell, and Mg2+ is also required for the stabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane and as a cofactor for essential enzymes. We propose that organisms cope with Mg2+ limitation by decreasing ATP levels and ribosome production, thereby reallocating Mg2+ to indispensable cellular processes.
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Get Ready for Fusion: Insights into Mgm1-Mediated Membrane Remodeling

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Sandra G. Schrempp, Martin van der Laan







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Mitochondrial Genome Maintenance 1 (Mgm1) Protein Alters Membrane Topology and Promotes Local Membrane Bending

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Jarungjit Rujiviphat, Michael K. Wong, Amy Won, Yu-ling Shih, Christopher M. Yip, G. Angus McQuibban

Large GTPases of the dynamin superfamily promote membrane fusion and division, processes that are crucial for intracellular trafficking and organellar dynamics. To promote membrane scission, dynamin proteins polymerize, wrap around, and constrict the membrane; however, the mechanism underlying their role in membrane fusion remains unclear. We previously reported that the mitochondrial dynamin-related protein mitochondrial genome maintenance 1 (Mgm1) mediates fusion by first tethering opposing membranes and then undergoing a nucleotide-dependent structural transition. However, it is still unclear how Mgm1 directly affects the membrane to drive fusion of tethered membranes. Here, we show that Mgm1 association with the membrane alters the topography of the membrane, promoting local membrane bending. We also demonstrate that Mgm1 creates membrane ruffles resulting in the formation of tubular structures on both supported lipid bilayers and liposomes. These data suggest that Mgm1 membrane interactions impose a mechanical force on the membrane to overcome the hydrophilic repulsion of the phospholipid head groups and initiate the fusion reaction. The work reported here provides new insights into a possible mechanism of Mgm1-driven mitochondrial membrane fusion and sheds light into how members of the dynamin superfamily function as fusion molecules.
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ClickSeq: Fragmentation-Free Next-Generation Sequencing via Click Ligation of Adaptors to Stochastically Terminated 3′-Azido cDNAs

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Andrew Routh, Steven R. Head, Phillip Ordoukhanian, John E. Johnson

We present a simple method called “ClickSeq” for NGS (next-generation sequencing) library synthesis that uses click chemistry rather than enzymatic reactions for the ligation of Illumina sequencing adaptors. In ClickSeq, randomly primed reverse transcription reactions are supplemented with azido-2′,3′-dideoxynucleotides that randomly terminate DNA synthesis and release 3′-azido-blocked cDNA fragments in a process akin to dideoxy-Sanger sequencing. Purified fragments are “click ligated” via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition to DNA oligos modified with a 5′-alkyne group. This generates ssDNA molecules containing an unnatural triazole-linked DNA backbone that is sufficiently biocompatible for PCR amplification to generate a cDNA library for RNAseq. Here, we analyze viral RNAs and mRNA to demonstrate that ClickSeq produces unbiased NGS libraries with low error rates comparable to standard methods. Importantly, ClickSeq is robust against common artifacts of NGS such as chimera formation and artifactual recombination with fewer than 3 aberrant events detected per million reads.
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Structure of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E1 Antigenic Site 314–324 in Complex with Antibody IGH526

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Leopold Kong, Rameshwar U. Kadam, Erick Giang, Tinashe B. Ruwona, Travis Nieusma, Jeffrey C. Culhane, Robyn L. Stanfield, Philip E. Dawson, Ian A. Wilson, Mansun Law

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus within the Flaviviridae family. The viral “spike” of HCV is formed by two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, which together mediate viral entry by engaging host receptors and undergoing conformational changes to facilitate membrane fusion. While E2 can be readily produced in the absence of E1, E1 cannot be expressed without E2 and few reagents, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are available for study of this essential HCV glycoprotein. A human mAb to E1, IGH526, was previously reported to cross-neutralize different HCV isolates, and therefore, we sought to further characterize the IGH526 neutralizing epitope to obtain information for vaccine design. We found that mAb IGH526 bound to a discontinuous epitope, but with a major component corresponding to E1 residues 314–324. The crystal structure of IGH526 Fab with this E1 glycopeptide at 1.75Å resolution revealed that the antibody binds to one face of an α-helical peptide. Single mutations on the helix substantially lowered IGH526 binding but did not affect neutralization, indicating either that multiple mutations are required or that additional regions are recognized by the antibody in the context of the membrane-associated envelope oligomer. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the free peptide is flexible in solution, suggesting that it requires stabilization for use as a candidate vaccine immunogen.
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Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Renalase Gene by miR-29 and miR-146 MicroRNAs: Implications for Cardiometabolic Disorders

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Ananthamohan Kalyani, Parshuram J. Sonawane, Abrar Ali Khan, Lakshmi Subramanian, Georg B. Ehret, Ajit S. Mullasari, Nitish R. Mahapatra

Renalase, a recently identified oxidoreductase, is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiovascular and metabolic disease states. The mechanism of regulation of renalase gene, especially at the post-transcriptional level, is completely unknown. We set out to investigate the possible role of microRNAs in regulation of renalase gene in this study. Computational predictions using multiple algorithms coupled with systematic functional analysis revealed specific interactions of miR-29a/b/c and miR-146a/b with mouse and human renalase 3′-UTR (untranslated region) in cultured cells. Next, we estimated miR-29b and miR-146a, as well as renalase expression, in genetically hypertensive blood pressure high and genetically hypotensive blood pressure low mice. Kidney tissues from blood pressure high mice showed diminished (~1.6- to 1.8-fold) renalase mRNA/protein levels and elevated (~2.2-fold) miR-29b levels as compared to blood pressure low mice. A common single nucleotide polymorphism in human renalase 3′-UTR (C/T; rs10749571) creates a binding site for miR-146a; consistently, miR-146a down-regulated human renalase 3′-UTR/luciferase activity in case of the T allele suggesting its potential role in regulation of renalase in humans. Indeed, genome-wide association studies revealed directionally concordant association of rs10749571 with diastolic blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels in large human populations (n ≈58,000–96,000 subjects). This study provides evidence for post-transcriptional regulation of renalase gene by miR-29 and miR-146 and has implications for inter-individual variations on cardiometabolic traits.
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Robust Antibody–Antigen Complexes Prediction Generated by Combining Sequence Analyses, Mutagenesis, In Vitro Evolution, X-ray Crystallography and In Silico Docking

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Jérémy Loyau, Gérard Didelot, Pauline Malinge, Ulla Ravn, Giovanni Magistrelli, Jean-François Depoisier, Guillemette Pontini, Yves Poitevin, Marie Kosco-Vilbois, Nicolas Fischer, Stéphane Thore, François Rousseau

Hu 15C1 is a potent anti-human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) neutralizing antibody. To better understand the molecular basis of its biological activity, we used a multidisciplinary approach to generate an accurate model of the Hu 15C1–TLR4 complex. By combining site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro antibody evolution, affinity measurements and X-ray crystallography of Fab fragments, we identified key interactions across the Hu 15C1–TLR4 interface. These contact points were used as restraints to predict the structure of the Fab region of Hu 15C1 bound to TLR4 using computational molecular docking. This model was further evaluated and validated by additional site-directed mutagenesis studies. The predicted structure of the Hu 15C1–TLR4 complex indicates that the antibody antagonizes the receptor dimerization necessary for its activation. This study exemplifies how iterative cycles of antibody engineering can facilitate the discovery of components of antibody-target interactions.
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One-Dimensional Sliding of p53 Along DNA Is Accelerated in the Presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ at Millimolar Concentrations

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Agato Murata, Yuji Ito, Risa Kashima, Saori Kanbayashi, Kei Nanatani, Chihiro Igarashi, Masaki Okumura, Kenji Inaba, Takashi Tokino, Satoshi Takahashi, Kiyoto Kamagata

One-dimensional (1D) sliding of the tumor suppressor p53 along DNA is an essential dynamics required for its efficient search for the binding sites in the genome. To address how the search process of p53 is affected by the changes in the concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+ after the cell damages, we investigated its sliding dynamics at different concentrations of the divalent cations. The 1D sliding trajectories of p53 along the stretched DNA were measured by using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. The averaged diffusion coefficient calculated from the mean square displacement of p53 on DNA increased significantly at the higher concentration of Mg2+ or Ca2+, indicating that the divalent cations accelerate the sliding likely by weakening the DNA–p53 interaction. In addition, two distributions were identified in the displacement of the observed trajectories of p53, demonstrating the presence of the fast and slow sliding modes having large and small diffusion coefficients, respectively. A coreless mutant of p53, in which the core domain was deleted, showed only a single mode whose diffusion coefficient is about twice that of the fast mode for the full-length p53. Thus, the two modes are likely the result of the tight and loose interactions between the core domain of p53 and DNA. These results demonstrated clearly that the 1D sliding dynamics of p53 is strongly dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ and Ca2+, which maintains the search distance of p53 along DNA in cells that lost homeostatic control of the divalent cations.
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Oligomerization of the UapA Purine Transporter Is Critical for ER-Exit, Plasma Membrane Localization and Turnover

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Olga Martzoukou, Mayia Karachaliou, Vassilis Yalelis, James Leung, Bernadette Byrne, Sotiris Amillis, George Diallinas

Central to the process of transmembrane cargo trafficking is the successful folding and exit from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) through packaging in COPII vesicles. Here, we use the UapA purine transporter of Aspergillus nidulans to investigate the role of cargo oligomerization in membrane trafficking. We show that UapA oligomerizes (at least dimerizes) and that oligomerization persists upon UapA endocytosis and vacuolar sorting. Using a validated bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, we provide evidence that a UapA oligomerization is associated with ER-exit and turnover, as ER-retained mutants due to either modification of a Tyr-based N-terminal motif or partial misfolding physically associate but do not associate properly. Co-expression of ER-retained mutants with wild-type UapA leads to in trans plasma membrane localization of the former, confirming that oligomerization initiates in the ER. Genetic suppression of an N-terminal mutation in the Tyr motif and mutational analysis suggest that transmembrane α-helix 7 affects the oligomerization interface. Our results reveal that transporter oligomerization is essential for membrane trafficking and turnover and is a common theme in fungi and mammalian cells.
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Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations as an Aid in the Prediction of Domain Swapping of Computationally Designed Protein Variants

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Yun Mou, Po-Ssu Huang, Leonard M. Thomas, Stephen L. Mayo

In standard implementations of computational protein design, a positive-design approach is used to predict sequences that will be stable on a given backbone structure. Possible competing states are typically not considered, primarily because appropriate structural models are not available. One potential competing state, the domain-swapped dimer, is especially compelling because it is often nearly identical with its monomeric counterpart, differing by just a few mutations in a hinge region. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a computational method to sample different conformational states of a structure. Here, we tested whether MD simulations could be used as a post-design screening tool to identify sequence mutations leading to domain-swapped dimers. We hypothesized that a successful computationally designed sequence would have backbone structure and dynamics characteristics similar to that of the input structure and that, in contrast, domain-swapped dimers would exhibit increased backbone flexibility and/or altered structure in the hinge-loop region to accommodate the large conformational change required for domain swapping. While attempting to engineer a homodimer from a 51-amino-acid fragment of the monomeric protein engrailed homeodomain (ENH), we had instead generated a domain-swapped dimer (ENH_DsD). MD simulations on these proteins showed increased B-factors derived from MD simulation in the hinge loop of the ENH_DsD domain-swapped dimer relative to monomeric ENH. Two point mutants of ENH_DsD designed to recover the monomeric fold were then tested with an MD simulation protocol. The MD simulations suggested that one of these mutants would adopt the target monomeric structure, which was subsequently confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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A New Versatile Immobilization Tag Based on the Ultra High Affinity and Reversibility of the Calmodulin–Calmodulin Binding Peptide Interaction

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Somnath Mukherjee, Marcin Ura, Robert J. Hoey, Anthony A. Kossiakoff

Reversible, high-affinity immobilization tags are critical tools for myriad biological applications. However, inherent issues are associated with a number of the current methods of immobilization. Particularly, a critical element in phage display sorting is functional immobilization of target proteins. To circumvent these problems, we have used a mutant (N5A) of calmodulin binding peptide (CBP) as an immobilization tag in phage display sorting. The immobilization relies on the ultra high affinity of calmodulin to N5A mutant CBP (RWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKIS) in presence of calcium (K D ~2pM), which can be reversed by EDTA allowing controlled “capture and release” of the specific binders. To evaluate the capabilities of this system, we chose eight targets, some of which were difficult to overexpress and purify with other tags and some had failed in sorting experiments. In all cases, specific binders were generated using a Fab phage display library with CBP-fused constructs. K D values of the Fabs were in subnanomolar to low nanomolar (nM) ranges and were successfully used to selectively recognize antigens in cell-based experiments. Some of these targets were problematic even without any tag; thus, the fact that all led to successful selection endpoints means that borderline cases can be worked on with a high probability of a positive outcome. Taken together with examples of successful case specific, high-level applications like generation of conformation-, epitope- and domain-specific Fabs, we feel that the CBP tag embodies all the attributes of covalent immobilization tags but does not suffer from some of their well-documented drawbacks.
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Erratum to “Discrete Molecular Dynamics Study of Oligomer Formation by N-Terminally Truncated Amyloid β-Protein” [J. Mol. Biol. 425 (2013) 2260–2275]

Tue, 09/01/2015 - 23:35
Publication date: 14 August 2015
Source:Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 427, Issue 16

Author(s): Derya Meral, Brigita Urbanc







Categories: Journal Articles